隔离级别 | 读数据一致性 | 脏读 | 不可重复读 | 幻读 |
---|---|---|---|---|
未提交读 (Read uncommitted) |
最低级别,只能保证不读取物理上损坏的数据 | 是 | 是 | 是 |
已提交读 (Read committed) |
语句级 | 否 | 是 | 是 |
可重复读 (Repeatable read) |
事务级 | 否 | 否 | 是 |
可序列化 (Serializable) |
最高级别,事务级 | 否 | 否 | 否 |
InnoDB存储引擎实现了4中行锁,分别时共享锁(S)、排他锁(X)、意向共享锁(IS)、意向排他锁(IX)。
意向锁不会和行级的S和X锁冲突,只会和表级的S和X锁冲突
意向锁是为了避免遍历全部行锁
考虑这个例子:
事务A锁住了表中的一行,让这一行只能读,不能写。
之后,事务B申请整个表的写锁。
如果事务B申请成功,那么理论上它就能修改表中的任意一行,这与A持有的行锁是冲突的。
数据库需要避免这种冲突,就是说要让B的申请被阻塞,直到A释放了行锁。
数据库要怎么判断这个冲突呢?
step1:判断表是否已被其他事务用表锁锁表
step2:判断表中的每一行是否已被行锁锁住。
注意step2,这样的判断方法效率实在不高,因为需要遍历整个表。
于是就有了意向锁。
在意向锁存在的情况下,事务A必须先申请表的意向共享锁,成功后再申请一行的行锁。
在意向锁存在的情况下,上面的判断可以改成
step1:不变
step2:发现表上有意向共享锁,说明表中有些行被共享行锁锁住了,因此,事务B申请表的写锁会被阻塞。
1.1通过索引检索数据,上共享锁,行锁(如果不通过索引,会使用表锁)
1.1通过索引检索数据,上共享锁,行锁 SessionA SessionB mysql> set autocommit=0; mysql> set autocommit=0; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) mysql> select * from test; mysql> select * from test; -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +----+-------+-------+-------+ +----+-------+-------+-------+ | id | name | money | level | | id | name | money | level | +----+-------+-------+-------+ +----+-------+-------+-------+ | 1 | tom | 100 | 1 | | 1 | tom | 100 | 1 | | 2 | jack | 200 | 2 | | 2 | jack | 200 | 2 | | 3 | lucas | 300 | 3 | | 3 | lucas | 300 | 3 | +----+-------+-------+-------+ +----+-------+-------+-------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 对主键索引上共享锁,其他事务也能获取到共享锁 mysql> select * from test where id=1 lock in share mode; +----+------+-------+-------+ | id | name | money | level | +----+------+-------+-------+ | 1 | tom | 100 | 1 | +----+------+-------+-------+ 1 row in set (0.01 sec) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 事务B也能继续加共享锁 mysql> select * from test where id=1 lock in share mode; +----+------+-------+-------+ | id | name | money | level | +----+------+-------+-------+ | 1 | tom | 100 | 1 | +----+------+-------+-------+ 1 row in set (0.01 sec) 但无法更新,因为事务A也加了共享锁 mysql> update test set level=11 where id=1; ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction MORE: 无法加排它锁 select *from test where id=1 for update; ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction 可以更新未加锁的,比如 mysql> update test set level=11 where id=2; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 事务A也无法更新,因为事务B加了共享锁 mysql> update test set level=11 where id=1; ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout excee ded; try restarting transaction -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 任意一个释放共享锁,则独占共享锁的事务可以更新 mysql> commit; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 事务B释放锁,事务A独占,可以更新了 mysql> update test set level=11 where id=1; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0
1.2通过索引检索数据,上排他锁,行锁
1.2通过索引检索数据,上排他锁,行锁 SessionA SessionB mysql> set autocommit=0; mysql> set autocommit=0; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) mysql> select * from test; mysql> select * from test; -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +----+-------+-------+-------+ +----+-------+-------+-------+ | id | name | money | level | | id | name | money | level | +----+-------+-------+-------+ +----+-------+-------+-------+ | 1 | tom | 100 | 1 | | 1 | tom | 100 | 1 | | 2 | jack | 200 | 2 | | 2 | jack | 200 | 2 | | 3 | lucas | 300 | 3 | | 3 | lucas | 300 | 3 | +----+-------+-------+-------+ +----+-------+-------+-------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 对主键索引上排他锁,其他事务也能获取到共享锁 mysql> select *from test where id=1 for update; +----+------+-------+-------+ | id | name | money | level | +----+------+-------+-------+ | 1 | tom | 100 | 1 | +----+------+-------+-------+ 1 row in set (0.01 sec) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 事务B则不能继续上排它锁,会发生等待 mysql> select *from test where id=1 for update; ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction MORE: 也不能更新,因为更新也是上排它锁 mysql> update test set level=2 where id=1; ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction 也不能上共享锁 mysql> select * from test where level=1 lock in share mode; ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 事务A可以更新 mysql> update test set level=11 where id=1; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.08 sec) Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 释放排它锁 mysql> commit; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 事务A释放锁,事务B就可以加排它锁了 mysql> select * from test where id=1 for update; +----+------+-------+-------+ | id | name | money | level | +----+------+-------+-------+ | 1 | tom | 100 | 1 | +----+------+-------+-------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
1.3通过索引更新数据,也是上排他锁,行锁
对于 update,insert,delete 语句会自动加排它锁
1.3通过索引更新数据,也是上排他锁,行锁 SessionA SessionB mysql> set autocommit=0; mysql> set autocommit=0; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) mysql> select * from test; mysql> select * from test; -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +----+-------+-------+-------+ +----+-------+-------+-------+ | id | name | money | level | | id | name | money | level | +----+-------+-------+-------+ +----+-------+-------+-------+ | 1 | tom | 100 | 1 | | 1 | tom | 100 | 1 | | 2 | jack | 200 | 2 | | 2 | jack | 200 | 2 | | 3 | lucas | 300 | 3 | | 3 | lucas | 300 | 3 | +----+-------+-------+-------+ +----+-------+-------+-------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 更新id=1的行,就给该行上了排它锁,其他事务 无法更新该行 mysql> update test set level=11 where id=1; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 事务B则不能更新id=1的行,会发生等待 mysql> update test set level=21 where id=1; ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction MORE: 也不能上排它锁 mysql> select *from test where id=1 for update; ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction 也不能上共享锁 mysql> select * from test where level=1 lock in share mode; ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 释放排它锁 mysql> commit; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 事务A释放锁,事务B就可以加排它锁了 mysql> select * from test where id=1 for update; +----+------+-------+-------+ | id | name | money | level | +----+------+-------+-------+ | 1 | tom | 100 | 11| +----+------+-------+-------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
2.1脏读
//脏读 //2.1脏读 SessionA SessionB mysql> set autocommit=0; mysql> set autocommit=0; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) set session transaction isolation set session transaction isolation level read uncommitted; level read uncommitted; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from test; mysql> select * from test; -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +----+-------+-------+-------+ +----+-------+-------+-------+ | id | name | money | level | | id | name | money | level | +----+-------+-------+-------+ +----+-------+-------+-------+ | 1 | tom | 100 | 1 | | 1 | tom | 100 | 1 | | 2 | jack | 200 | 2 | | 2 | jack | 200 | 2 | | 3 | lucas | 300 | 3 | | 3 | lucas | 300 | 3 | +----+-------+-------+-------+ +----+-------+-------+-------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- mysql> update test set level=100 where id=1; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- //脏读 mysql> select *from test where id=1; +----+------+-------+-------+ | id | name | money | level | +----+------+-------+-------+ | 1 | tom | 100 | 100 | +----+------+-------+-------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- rollback; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) mysql> select *from test where id=1; +----+------+-------+-------+ | id | name | money | level | +----+------+-------+-------+ | 1 | tom | 100 | 1 | +----+------+-------+-------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
2.2不可重复读
2.2不可重复读 //脏读 SessionA SessionB mysql> set autocommit=0; mysql> set autocommit=0; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) set session transaction isolation set session transaction isolation level read uncommitted; level read uncommitted; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from test; mysql> select * from test; -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +----+-------+-------+-------+ +----+-------+-------+-------+ | id | name | money | level | | id | name | money | level | +----+-------+-------+-------+ +----+-------+-------+-------+ | 1 | tom | 100 | 1 | | 1 | tom | 100 | 1 | | 2 | jack | 200 | 2 | | 2 | jack | 200 | 2 | | 3 | lucas | 300 | 3 | | 3 | lucas | 300 | 3 | +----+-------+-------+-------+ +----+-------+-------+-------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- mysql> update test set level=100 where id=1; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- mysql> select *from test where id=1; +----+------+-------+-------+ | id | name | money | level | +----+------+-------+-------+ | 1 | tom | 100 | 100 | +----+------+-------+-------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- mysql> update test set level=1000 where id=1; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- //不可重复读 //读三次,第一次是level是1,第二次是100,第三次是1000 mysql> select *from test where id=1; +----+------+-------+-------+ | id | name | money | level | +----+------+-------+-------+ | 1 | tom | 100 | 1000| +----+------+-------+-------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
2.3幻读
//2.3幻读 SessionA SessionB mysql> set autocommit=0; mysql> set autocommit=0; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) set session transaction isolation set session transaction isolation level read uncommitted; level read uncommitted; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from test; mysql> select * from test; -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +----+-------+-------+-------+ +----+-------+-------+-------+ | id | name | money | level | | id | name | money | level | +----+-------+-------+-------+ +----+-------+-------+-------+ | 1 | tom | 100 | 1 | | 1 | tom | 100 | 1 | | 2 | jack | 200 | 2 | | 2 | jack | 200 | 2 | | 3 | lucas | 300 | 3 | | 3 | lucas | 300 | 3 | +----+-------+-------+-------+ +----+-------+-------+-------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- mysql> update test set level=100 where id=1; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- mysql> select *from test where id=1; +----+------+-------+-------+ | id | name | money | level | +----+------+-------+-------+ | 1 | tom | 100 | 100 | +----+------+-------+-------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- mysql> insert into test (name, money,level) VALUES ('tim',250,4); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- //幻读 //读两次,第二次多了tim的数据 //如果是rr级别,需要使用当前读select * from test lock in share mode;否则因为MVCC的缘故,是读不到tim的 mysql> select * from test; +----+-------+-------+-------+ | id | name | money | level | +----+-------+-------+-------+ | 1 | tom | 100 | 1 | | 2 | jack | 200 | 2 | | 3 | lucas | 300 | 3 | | 4 | tim | 250 | 4 | +----+-------+-------+-------+ 4 row in set (0.00 sec)
MVCC使RR级别下,事务当前读,来避免了读情况下的幻读问题,但如果写更新时候呢?在范围更新的同时,往范围内插入新数据,怎么办?
于是就有了间隙锁,在更新某个区间数据时,将会锁定这个区间的所有记录。例如update XXX where id between 1 and 100, 就会锁住id从1到100之间的所有的记录。值得注意的是,在这个区间中假设某条记录并不存在,该条记录也会被锁住,这时,如果另一个事务往这个区间添加数据,就必须等待上一个事务释放锁资源。
使用间隙锁有两个目的,一是防止幻读;二是满足其恢复和赋值的需求。
3.1范围间隙锁,显式左开右闭区间
//间隙锁(Net-Key锁) 范围间隙锁,左开右闭区间 SessionA SessionB mysql> set autocommit=0; mysql> set autocommit=0; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) mysql> select * from test; mysql> select * from test; -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +----+-------+-------+-------+ +----+-------+-------+-------+ | id | name | money | level | | id | name | money | level | +----+-------+-------+-------+ +----+-------+-------+-------+ | 1 | tom | 100 | 1 | | 1 | tom | 100 | 1 | | 2 | jack | 200 | 2 | | 2 | jack | 200 | 2 | | 3 | lucas | 300 | 3 | | 3 | lucas | 300 | 3 | +----+-------+-------+-------+ +----+-------+-------+-------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- mysql> update test set level=0 where money between 0 and 200; Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.02 sec) Rows matched: 2 Changed: 2 Warnings: 0 理论上应该锁定[0,300)这个区间 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 插入money=0等待 mysql> insert into test (name, money,level) VALUES ('tim',0,0); ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction 插入money=90等待 mysql> insert into test (name, money,level) VALUES ('tim',90,0); ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction 插入money=100等待 mysql> insert into test (name, money,level) VALUES ('tim',100,0); ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction 插入money=299等待 mysql> insert into test (name, money,level) VALUES ('tim',299,0); ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction 插入money=300 ok mysql> insert into test (name, money,level) VALUES ('tim',300,0); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
3.2单个间隙锁 隐式区间
上小节是指定update某个区间,那如果说是只update一个值呢?还会有间隙锁么?
//间隙锁(Net-Key锁) 单个间隙锁,左开右闭区间 SessionA SessionB mysql> set autocommit=0; mysql> set autocommit=0; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) mysql> select * from test; mysql> select * from test; -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +----+-------+-------+-------+ +----+-------+-------+-------+ | id | name | money | level | | id | name | money | level | +----+-------+-------+-------+ +----+-------+-------+-------+ | 1 | tom | 100 | 1 | | 1 | tom | 100 | 1 | | 2 | jack | 200 | 2 | | 2 | jack | 200 | 2 | | 3 | lucas | 300 | 3 | | 3 | lucas | 300 | 3 | +----+-------+-------+-------+ +----+-------+-------+-------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- mysql> update test set level=0 where money = 200; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0 理论上应该锁定[0,300)这个区间 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 插入money=0 ok mysql> insert into test (name, money,level) VALUES ('tim',0,0); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) 插入money=90 ok mysql> insert into test (name, money,level) VALUES ('tim',90,0); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) 插入money=100等待 mysql> insert into test (name, money,level) VALUES ('tim',100,0); ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction 插入money=150等待 mysql> insert into test (name, money,level) VALUES ('tim',150,0); ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction 插入money=200等待 mysql> insert into test (name, money,level) VALUES ('tim',200,0); ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction 插入money=240等待 mysql> insert into test (name, money,level) VALUES ('tim',240,0); ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction 插入money=300 ok mysql> insert into test (name, money,level) VALUES ('tim',300,0); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
当不指定区间时,隐式的区间为索引B+数前后两个节点的值所确定的区间,也是左开右闭,对于上述例子,就是[0,300)这个区间。
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